Having a valid driver's license does not mean that a driver can never be required to demonstrate again that they are fit to drive. Article 129 of the Road Traffic Code provides for situations where medical or psychological evaluations, a new driving test, or only some of the respective tests may be ordered. When "reasonable doubts" arise about physical, mental, or psychological fitness or about the driver's ability to drive safely, the competent authority may order one or several evaluations. Among the examples mentioned are driving in the opposite direction to that legally established on a highway or equivalent road, committing a hit-and-run, and situations related to dependence or tendency to abuse alcohol or psychotropic substances.
Law enforcement agencies that detect a driver whose behavior may indicate lack of fitness have the legal obligation to prepare a detailed report and send it to the competent authority. Courts may also intervene when they become aware of offenses that have endangered the safety of persons and property. Furthermore, any doctor who detects in a driver a chronic or progressive illness or disability, or psychological disorders likely to affect driving safety, must report the fact to the health authority through a reasoned and confidential clinical report.
Drivers of categories B and BE who are 60 years of age or older must present a medical certificate to renew their license, but there is no general obligation to take a new theoretical or practical test simply upon reaching a certain age. The examination provided for in Article 129 arises when there are concrete and justified reasons to doubt fitness, age alone not being sufficient.
If the driver refuses to undergo or fails a medical or psychological evaluation, a driving test, or any of the tests ordered, the driving license expires. Anyone driving with an expired license is subject to a fine of 120 to 600 euros. The driver may appeal an unfitness decision within 30 days, with the appeal directed to a medical board or to the IMT, depending on the type of evaluation.
