Trump closes the immigration tap and American fast food begins to feel the lack of customersPhoto by Sandra González Casado on Pexels
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Trump closes the immigration tap and American fast food begins to feel the lack of customers

Jornal Económico29 August 2026 at 20:14

Trump's immigration policies are impacting the fast food sector in the United States. According to an analysis by the Financial Times, nearly three million people left the United States in 2025, between deportations and voluntary departures, causing the American population to grow only 0.5% between July 2024 and July 2025. Data from the Brookings Institution indicates that net immigration was negative in 2025 for the first time in at least half a century.

The Latino community represents an important slice of the sector's customers, with 35% of Hispanics in the United States consuming fast food on any given day. Simultaneously, the number of restaurants belonging to chains increased between 1% and 2% per year since 2021, which created additional pressure on a market with fewer consumers available.

Data from Placer.ai cited by the Financial Times shows that traffic in fast food restaurants fell in almost every month of 2025 and 2026, after having grown consistently in 2023. McDonald's will slow the opening of new restaurants, while Wendy's and Subway closed hundreds of establishments in the last year. Jack in the Box and Wingstop also attributed sales declines to reduced consumption among Latino customers.

The problem may not be just cyclical. During the Biden administration, net immigration reached 2.8 million people in 2022 and 3.4 million in 2023. Part of the industry may have made expansion decisions counting on a population growth that no longer exists, forcing chains to adjust their growth plans to a market with fewer customers available.

A ligação entre as duas realidades foi feita pelo Financial Times, que analisou o impacto da quebra da imigração nas vendas e nos planos de expansão das cadeias de fast food.

Segundo o Financial Times, quase três milhões de pessoas deixaram os Estados Unidos em 2025, entre deportações e saídas voluntárias. A população americana cresceu apenas 0,5% entre julho de 2024 e julho de 2025, muito abaixo do ritmo registado nos anos anteriores.

Os dados do Brookings Institution mostram a dimensão da mudança. Os investigadores estimam que a imigração líquida — a diferença entre quem entra e quem sai do país — tenha sido negativa em 2025, entre 10 mil e 295 mil pessoas, pela primeira vez em pelo menos meio século. A previsão é que continue muito baixa ou negativa em 2026.

Para as empresas de restauração, a alteração demográfica chega num momento particularmente difícil. Segundo o Financial Times, 35% dos latinos nos Estados Unidos consomem fast food num determinado dia, tornando esta comunidade um grupo importante para o setor. Ao mesmo tempo, o número de restaurantes pertencentes a cadeias aumentou entre 1% e 2% por ano desde 2021.

Mas há agora menos clientes a entrar pela porta. Dados da Placer.ai citados pelo Financial Times mostram que o tráfego nos restaurantes de fast food caiu em quase todos os meses de 2025 e 2026, depois de ter crescido de forma consistente em 2023. A inflação e a utilização crescente de aplicações de entrega também pesam no negócio.

A consequência começa a aparecer nas empresas. A McDonald’s vai abrandar a abertura de novos restaurantes, enquanto Wendy’s e Subway fecharam centenas de estabelecimentos no último ano, segundo o Financial Times. Em 2025, Jack in the Box e Wingstop também associaram uma quebra nas vendas à redução do consumo entre clientes latinos.

O problema pode não ser apenas conjuntural. Durante a administração de Joe Biden, a imigração líquida terá chegado a 2,8 milhões de pessoas em 2022 e 3,4 milhões em 2023, segundo as estimativas citadas pelo Financial Times. Parte da indústria poderá ter tomado decisões de expansão a contar com um crescimento populacional que agora já não existe.

É essa mudança que está a obrigar as cadeias americanas a fazer contas diferentes. Se a população cresce menos, o mercado também cresce menos — e um setor que abriu milhares de restaurantes nos últimos anos pode acabar com demasiadas lojas a disputar um número cada vez menor de clientes.

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